APA (7th ed.) Citation Style Guide: Audiovisual Material

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 341.

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Boyle, 2008)

Narrative citation: Boyle (2008)

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Fosha & Levenson, 2017)

Narrative citation: Fosha and Levenson (2017)

"The director should be credited as the author of a film.  However, if the director is unknown (as with the Fosha & Levenson example), someone in a similar role can be credited instead to aid readers in retrieving the work; the description of role in this case matches what is on the work and is flexible." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, pp. 342-343). 

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Almodovar, 2019)

Narrative citation: Almodovar (2019)

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Cornwell et al., 2018)

Narrative citation: Cornwell et al. (2018)

In the above example, the episode did not have a title so that was omitted from the citation.

"Include writer(s) and the director for the episode.  Include the contributor roles in parentheses after each contributor's name.  "Writer" and "Director" are shown here, but "Executive Director" or other role descriptions might also be used." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 343).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Ferriss, 2017)

Narrative citation: Ferriss (2017)

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 344.

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Gerald, 2018)

Narrative citation: Gerald (2018)

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (TED, 2010)

Narrative citation: TED (2010)

"When the TED Talk comes from TED's website...use the name of the speaker as the author.  When the TED Talk is on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account (here, TED) as the author to aid in retrieval." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 344).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Hass, 2019)

Narrative citation: Hass (2019)

"List the host of the podcast as the author and include their role in parentheses.  Provide the episode number after the title in parentheses.  If the podcast does not number episodes, omit the number from the reference.  Specify the type of podcast (audio or video) in square brackets.  If the URL of the podcast is unknown (e.g. if accessed via an app), omit the URL." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., p. 345).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Mitchell, 1974)

Narrative citation: Mitchell (1974)

"It is not necessary to specify how you listened to an album (e.g., streaming on Spotify, iTunes, Amazon Music, Pandora; on CD).  However, the format or other descriptive information may be included -in square brackets, following the word "Album: and a semicolon-when you need to specify the version you used (e.g., when a version of an album includes special tracks or features you accessed).  Adjust the wording as needed.  Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieval (e.g., for artists who provide music in only one location, such as SoundCloud or their website" (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, pp.344-345).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Miller, 2018)

Narrative citation: Miller (2018)

"If the song has no associated album....omit that part of the reference." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 345).

These examples are for photographs not associated with a museum.

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (McCurry, 1985)

Narrative citation: McCurry (1985)

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (De Viguerie, 2019)

Narrative citation: De Viguerie (2019)

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When photographs are untitled, include a description in square brackets in place of a title (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p.347).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Esalen sunset, n.d.)

Narrative citation: Esalen sunset (n.d.)

"For works with an unknown author, include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation (note that the title moves to the author position in the reference list entry as well). If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation" (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p.264).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Altdorfer, 1518-1520)

Narrative citation: Altdorfer (1518-1520)

"Use this format to cite all types of museum artwork, including paintings, sculptures, photographs, prints, drawings, and installations; always include a description of the medium or format in square brackets after the title.  For untitled art, include a description in square brackets after the title." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 346).

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Baziotes, 1952)

Narrative citation: Baziotes (1952)

If the artwork is not titled, give a description in square brackets after the title. (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 346.)

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Liftarn, 2020)

Narrative citation: Liftarn (2020)

The APA Style Blog also addresses creating Clip Art or Stock Image References on this page: Clip art or stock images references (apa.org)

In Text

Parenthetical citation: (Goldberg, 2018)

Narrative citation: Goldberg (2018)

"Use this format only for recorded, retrievable webinars.  Cite unrecorded webinars as personal communications." (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020, p. 344).