Statistics
Statistics are an excellent source of "facts" for researchers. They are convenient to use as someone else has done the work of taking raw research data and then cleaning, interpreting and presenting them in a digestible format, such as a chart, table, or graph.
Key Considerations & Quality Indicators:
- Double-check that they are relevant, e.g., actually cover the population, geography, timeframe(s) and/or topic(s) for your research project.
- Assess the credibility of the individual or organization that generated the statistics, e.g., do they have expertise and/or a proven track record for producing high quality statistics - such as a national statistical agency, expert researcher in the field, citizen-science group / community organization?
- When assessing the credibility of community-based or citizen-science projects you'll want to use similar quality criteria as with more traditional statistic-producing organizations, including explanation of the research methods employed, approach to sampling if relevant, open acknowledgement of any limitations or gaps in the data collection.
- Quick-Assessments: It's a good sign if the organization is listed in the Government of Canada's Citizen Science Portal OR
- routinely partners with government agencies, reputable non-profit/charitable organizations etc
- For example, in the City of Vancouver an annual count of unhoused people has been conducted since 2002 by volunteers under the direction/with the support of a variety community-partners and organizations, including foundations, housing societies, non-profits and the City itself - and include methods and discussion of limits/gaps to the data collection process.
- Whenever provided - check the methodology used to generate the work, paying particular attention to:
- the duration of the research - e.g., were the data collected over a "long enough" timeline for you to be able to rely on it?
- wording of any questionnaires/surveys - e.g., were any of the questions ambiguous, confusing or leading respondents into expressing a particular viewpoint?
- the sample size and makeup - e.g., Did the research team use an appropriate sampling method? OR could anyone participate? e.g., an anonymous online survey. If no sampling was employed the results could be subject to a host of problems, including:
- survey fraud, e.g., were measures put in place to prevent multiple submissions from the same person or bot?
- demographic over or under representation, e.g., an online-only survey will not capture responses from people with no or poor internet access
- regional over or under representation, e.g., do the respondents come from diverse and/or relevant geographic regions? Is there any way to know?
- If sampling was employed - was the sample size sufficiently large to extrapolate to a larger population? Were the demographic groups you are interested in included - e.g., age groups, gender(s), ethnicit(ies), languages spoken and/or anything else relevant to your research needs?
Ask Yourself:
- Are any demographic groups under-represented - or not represented at all in the data?
- If yes - does the data source openly discuss the demographic gaps?
- If not, are the data actually useful for your purposes?
Consider this example from Canada: Starting in 2021 respondents to Statistics Canada surveys - including the Census of Canada - could for the first time identify their sex at birth AND their current gender identify.
Prior to this, respondents could only report their sex as male or female. As a result, important historical information about people who are non-binary or transgender will never be available - and the data that were collected about sex before 2021 paint an imprecise picture of the population.
To learn about about the gender-identity options now available to respondents see Statistics Canada: Age, Sex at Birth and Gender Reference Guide: Census of Population 2021 [PDF].
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Also consider:
- Why might certain groups have been omitted?
- How might their omission skew the data?
- Could an incomplete sample result in a biased or misleading "picture" of that group?
- Who might benefit from presenting an incomplete set of "facts" to the world
Final Analysis: If there are gaps in demographic representation and/or you cannot assess the validity of the methodologies used how can you trust or rely on the provided statistics? |